Martin Luther King, Jr.
"I Have a Dream"

delivered 28 August 1963, at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C.
I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.
But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.
In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds."
But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.
We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children.
It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. And there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.
But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.
The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.
We cannot walk alone.
And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead.
We cannot turn back.
There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. *We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by a sign stating: "For Whites Only."* We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream."¹
I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest -- quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.
Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends.
And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together."²
This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with.
With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.
And this will be the day -- this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning:
My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.
Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride,
From every mountainside, let freedom ring!
And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.
And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.

Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.

Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.

Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.

Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.

But not only that:

Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.

Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.

Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.

From every mountainside, let freedom ring.
And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:
Free at last! Free at last!
Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!³

What are reports? Explain different types of reports with examples.

Report is a logical presentation of facts and information. It is the result of the researches, analysis, and investigations, which is present in a written form. It is the basic tool on which decisions can be based.

The information present in the report is needed to evaluate progress and plan future action. Reports provide feed back to an organization to guide future course of action.

According to C.A.Brown, “A report is a communication form of some one who has some information to some one who needs that information.“

The goal of making reports is to make the information as clear and convenient and accessible as possible.
Reports vary widely in their purpose. They also differ with the type of audience they are written for.

Types of reports:

# Based on the formality:-

1) INFORMAL REPORT :-
This is usually in the form of a person to person communication. It does not follow any format and informally conveys the required information.

2) FORMAL REPORT:-
This is prepared in a prescribed form and is presented in the proper way to the prescribed authority. They can be a statutory.

# Based on the frequency of issue:-

3) PERIODIC or ROUTINE REPORTS:-
These are presented at routine intervals in the normal course of business. The time period could be annually, semi-annually, monthly, fat nightly, weekly, or even daily.
Generally, these reports are mere statement of facts. They do not go with a recommendation or opinion. For e.g. Progress report, monthly sales report, etc…


4) SPECIAL REPORTS:-
They are related and generated for a single occasion or situation. They deal with non-recurrent issues. An individual or a committee is appointed to investigate the situation and present its findings.
They give suggestions to the management to take decisions. For e.g. project report, feasibility study report, First information report [F.I.R] etc…

# On the basis of FUNCTION

5) INFORMATIVE REPORT:-
This presents facts and information related to an issue or situation. For eg: a report presenting sales figures for a quarter.

6) INTERPRETIVE REPORT:-
This analyses the facts , draws conclusions and recommendations to solve the problem. For ex: if the report delves into the causes of low sales during a particular period, it becomes an interpretive or analytical report.

# On the basis of NATURE OF THE SUBJECT

Problem determining report
Fact finding report
Performance report
Technical report

Few reports in detail:

v F.I.R or First Information Report:-
This is required when there is a burglary, accident, theft, fire, building collapse, etc… the report has to give all the information, which is available immediately after the incident occurs, i.e.

What happened?
When did it happen?
Who noticed it?
What steps were taken immediately after it?
Who were all present on the scene? Etc…

A responsible person, who is present on the spot of the incident, prepares it. It is submitted to any office authority for information and further action. For e.g. regional office, police station, etc… the F.I.R also states the extent of damage on casual estimation.

v PROGRESS REPORT:-
This gives information about the progress of a student, an employee, or a project. This report can be prepared as comments, or filled in a standard format. Abridge construction, a road laying project, an employee training programme, a student progress throughout a year, etc.. can be presented in a progress report.

v INSPECTION REPORT:-
This should be prepared after an inspection is complete. The supervisor, auditor, or any other expert in the field can prepare this report. Inspection reports become necessary when you have to find out the following:-
§ The quality of goods, plant and machinery.
§ The quality of work done.
§ Deviations from preset standards.
§ The presence of required people
§ The accuracy of financials.
§ The inventory status.
§ Adherence to rules and procedures.
§ Timings are being followed.

Printed forms can be used to record the comments or the inspectors can use their own techniques of report writing. Inspection reports can be prepared on a routine basis or after a surprise check.

v Performance appraisal report:
This is usually prepared for recording the performance of our employee and deciding his compensation, special incentives, promotion etc. The immediate boss usually does it. A second appraiser may also be present, if needed, to avoid partiality. Performance appraisals may also be present, if needed, to can be confidential or in consultation with the employee concerned. This depends on the organizational policies. After reading the performance appraisal report, an employee can get feedback about his performance in the managers of the organization, who wish to know about the employee.

v Project report:
A project report is written when a project has been completed and all the details have to be put in a written format. The project can be a live one or simulated. A project report helps in comparing the work done by different people. It may or may not follow a prescribed format. However, all project reports will contain some essential parts. It can be used to decide future course of action and may also list out the problems that are being faced in the project. It can be used for sanctioning finance, and as a planning tool. It is also used for convincing other relevant authorities.

v Annual report:
This is written as a requirement of companies Act, 1951. It details all the financial operations of a company during its financial year. It is normally written and printed once a year and is circulated to all members (owners) of a company. This is so that they are all aware of the happenings of their company.

The contents of an annual report are:

· The company profile.
· Notice of the AGM.
· Director’s report.
· Auditor’s report.
· Balance sheet.
· Schedules forming part of the balance sheet
· Profit and loss statement
· Notes to the Accounts
· Cash flow statement
· Accounts of subsidiary company, if any.


v FEASIBILITY REPORT:-

It can be prepared in the following situations,

Ø When an organization/individual proposes to launch a product.
Ø Before entering a market.
Ø To start a new service.
Ø To open a new shop.
Ø Before venturing into a market segment.
Ø Before buying a new expensive machine.
Ø Before constructing a building or house.
Ø Before planning expansion of man or machine requirements.
Ø To evaluate the financial viability of a proposal.

A feasibility report can help on making Go/No go decision. It is invaluable for decision makers when they have a major project in their hand. People, who grant loans and funds for new projects, normally decide whether or not to go ahead, on the basis of the feasibility report. They normally cover all types of feasibilities. For ex: location feasibility, financial feasibility, marketing feasibility, technical feasibility, etc…

v SURVEY REPORT:
This is written after a survey. It could be a
· Market survey
· Institutional survey
· Customer survey
· Product survey
· Location survey
· Competitor survey
· Student survey
· Executive survey etc…

A survey can be done for many reasons. The reasons may be academic or business, a specific person can commission the survey for a specific reason or an organization could sponsor it for expansion of databases. A survey report can help you to update existing statistics. A survey is normally carried out with the help of a questionnaire.

v PRESS REPORT:
Press reports are scripts for publications in news papers or other periodicals. They are read by millions of people, from all walks of life and of all age groups. press reports are scientific messages, published to convey different opinions to the reading public. The topics can range from

· Political issues
· Health
· Economics
· Foreign affairs
· Education
· Entertainment
· Social issues
· Current affairs
· Administrative matters
· Religious matters etc…

They cover the development under different government regimes, the speeches of important proceedings and people, the programs of an election manifesto, changes in financial, stock and commodity markets and thousands of other events that take place in the complex world



Report writing instructions:
A report is the formal writing up of a practical experiment, project or research investigation.
A report has clearly defined sections presented in a standard format, which are used to tell the reader what is done, why and how it is done and what is found.
Reports are written in a way which presumes that the reader knows nothing about the experiment or research.
Reports are written in sufficient detail so that someone reading it would be able to replicate the experiment exactly.
Reports differ from essays because they require an objective writing style which conveys information clearly and concisely.
Business reports:
A business report conveys information to assist in decision making.

Some important things to be done before writing:

choose the writing goal
What is this report intended to do?
Make this goal neither too general, nor too wide.
study the audience;
obtain information
start gathering statistics, survey results, or any other data that can be helpful in the research;
Manage the information - rearrange and sort it when the plan of presentation is determined.
Carefully analyze the gathered information;
write down possible solutions to a problem

Structuring the Report
Most reports include the following sections:

Title
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Appendices
1. Title
This should be short and precise. It should tell the reader of the nature of the research.
E.g. The effects of stress on eye-witness testimony
Omit any unnecessary detail e.g. ‘A study of….’ is not necessary.
.2. Abstract
The Abstract is a self-contained summary of the whole of the report. It should therefore be written last and is usually limited to one paragraph (approximately 150 words). It should contain:
An outline of what is investigated (as stated in the title)
Why it is chosen to look at that particular area with brief reference to prior research done in the field
The experimental hypothesis (prediction of what the results will show)
A brief summary of the method
The main findings and how these relate to the hypothesis
A conclusion which may include a suggestion for further research.
3. Introduction
The Introduction ‘sets the scene’ for the report; it does this in two ways:
· By introducing the reader in more detail to the subject area which is looked at, through presenting the objectives and hypotheses.
· Initially a writer should explain the background to the problem with reference to previous work conducted in the area (i.e. a literature review).
· Briefly discuss the findings of other researchers and how these connect with the study.
· Finally, state the aims or hypothesis.
4. Method
The Method section should describe every step of how it is carried out in the research in sufficient detail so that the reader could exactly replicate the procedure if they wanted to. Information on the experimental design, sampling methods, participants (if there were any), equipment and the overall procedure employed should be clearly specified.
This information is usually presented under the following sub-headings:
Participants (if there were any) - say how many participants or items were included. Why and how were they selected? What were their defining characteristics?
Design – Say what the experimental method was (e.g. laboratory or field experiment, questionnaire survey etc) and why this method is chosen. What was the design i.e. how many different conditions did the experiment have (e.g. for Psychology students was it an independent or matched groups design?)? The type of data gathered and how it is collected it.
Apparatus/Materials –a full description is given, do not use a list. In some subjects, particularly Science disciplines, this section is only required if any special equipment is used.
Procedure – A step by step description of what is done from start to finish.
5. Results
The Results section should clearly convey the findings of the experiment. These are which will base the commentary on in the Discussion section, so the reader needs to be certain of what is found.
Present data in a summarized form (e.g. means and standard deviations).
Raw data (e.g. individual recordings taken during the experiment) should be included in the Appendices.
Describe what the results were, don’t offer interpretations of them.
Present them in a logical order.
Those that link most directly to the hypothesis should be given first.

Presenting Data in Tables and Graphs
Do not present the same data in two or more ways i.e. use either a table or a graph, or just text.
Remember that a graph should be understandable independently of any text, but can be accompanied each with a description if necessary.
Use clear and concise titles for each figure. Say which variables the graph or table compares.
Describe what the graph or table shows, then check that this really is what it shows! If it isn’t, it needs to amend the figure, or the description.

Statistical Analysis
If any statistical analysis of the results is conducted:
· Say which test is used (e.g. chi-square, t-test) and briefly explain why it is chosen for that particular statistical test.
· Show how the results were analyzed, laying out the calculations clearly (ensure to include the level of probability or significance p or P, and the number of observations made n).
· Clearly state the results of the analysis saying whether the result was statistically significant or not both as numbers and in words.
6. Discussion
The Discussion section is probably the most important part of the report. It relates the findings of the study to the research that is talked about in the Introduction, thereby placing the work in the wider context. The Discussion helps the reader to understand the relevance of the research to previous and further work in the field. This is the chance to discuss, analyze and interpret the results in relation to all the information that has been collected.
The Discussion will probably be the longest section of the report and should contain the following:
· A summary of the main results of the study
· An interpretation of these results in relation to the aims, predictions or hypothesis, e.g. is the hypothesis supported or rejected? And in relation to the findings of other research in the area, specifically those studies that is included in the Introduction.
· Consideration of the broader implications of the findings. What do they suggest for future research in the area? If the results contradict previous findings what does this suggest about the work or the work of others? What should be studied next?
· A discussion of any limitations or problems with the research method or experimental design and practical suggestions of how these might be avoided if the study was conducted again.
· Some carefully considered ideas for further research in the area that would help clarify or take forward the findings.
· A conclusion which briefly summarizes the main issues arising from the report.
7. References
Here writer must give details of work by all other authors which he has referred to in the report.
8. Appendices
The Appendices contain material that is relevant to the report but that would disrupt its flow if it was contained within the main body. For example: raw data and calculations; interview questions; a glossary of terms, or other information that the reader may find useful to refer to. All appendices should be clearly labeled and referred to where appropriate in the main text.

What are the different types of communication styles illustrate with examples. What is the impact of written communication in the corporate environmen

Communication is classified into two categories:
v Verbal communication
v Non-verbal communication

Verbal Communication:
This includes oral and written communication. In this form, words are arranged according to the proper grammar rules and put in paper sequence as for the parts of speech, it is further classified as follows:

Ø Written Communication:
It is used for many purposes. It includes letters, circulars, notices, memos, reports, forms, manuals etc. Everything that is put down on paper in writing comes under written communication.

Advantages:
It is precise and accurate.
It is usually formulated with great case, since it can be checked and verified any time.
The writer has to be careful about what is being communicated. Once written, it cannot be refuted.
It is a permanent record.
Written document are permanent to large extent and can be used in the future for reference. This helps the formulation of new policies and reports easily as they can be based on improvement required in the previous ones.
They can be referred to repeatedly.
A written record is convenient as it can be taken up and seen for classification and improvements. Any person, including the writer of the document can view it repeatedly for any possible reason.
It can be sent to a number of places written documents can easily be made into copies and sent to many places simultaneously. This is not very expensive and comparatively easy to achieve.
It facilitates the fixing of responsibilities. If any mistake occurs, it is easy to identify it on paper rather than orally. It is difficult for people to shift the responsibility of our error onto others.
Similarly it is easy to record employees since their achievements can be seen on paper.

Disadvantages:
It is time consuming.
It takes time to write letters, circulars etc, whereas oral communication is much faster.
It can be expensive. If expensive writing materials are used and expensive methods like courier services are used to send the written documents, it can prove to be a costly affair.
Feedback is slow. Unlike in oral communication, in this, feedback takes a longer time to come back.

Types of written communication:

1. Letters:
It is the most commonly used form of written communication. They are mostly used for external communication letters have a fixed and formal layout, which must be adhered to there can be sales letters, complaint letters, bank correspondences and many others.
2. Memo:
This is an informal communication between members of the same organization and usually relates to day-to-day work. It is used to convey information and instructions. They are normally pre-printed formatted papers on which memos are written.
3. Notice:
This is used when many people in the same organization have to be given the same information. A notice should be short and to the point.
4. Circulars:
This is a written document giving instructions or orders on a specific matter.
5. Report:
This is a written document prepared by an individual or a committee. It is prepared after research. After the data collection and analysis, the results have to be presented.

Oral communication:
This occurs in situations like conversation, telephone take, interviews, presentations and meetings. Conferences, group discussions and speeches also form part of oral communication. This involves the use of words, but not on paper oral communication is spoken.

Advantages:
It saves time when action is to be taken immediately we always resort to oral communication. For ex: During the situations, on the battleground, it is only oral commands that are given.
It is a powerful means of persuasion. For ex: To persuade a friend to come with you for a movie, you employ only oral communication. You do not write a formal letter to him/her.
Immediate feedback is possible when you are talking to someone directly you can immediately know his reaction and find our whether or not will agree to what you are asking him or her to do.
It can help to promote friendly ties. At times, oral communication is carried on informal levels.
It can then encourage frankness and friendship.
It can save money.
If many people are addressed together, there is no need to write individual letters to each of them. In such cases, oral communication is the best choice.
Easy classification when a message is told orally, one can immediately classify all doubts that may be in the mind.

Disadvantages:
It is dependent on distance and suitable mechanical devices.
It is not appropriate for lengthy messages. Long and detailed message are better communicated in a written manner for fear of missing out relevant points.
It does not have shelf life once they are spoken, they are over, unless you record them.
There is no legal validity. Anyone can deny what he or she has said before.
There are greater chances of misunderstanding.
People can interact according to their own frame of mind and attitudes.

Types of oral communication:

1. Face-to-face communication:
Oral communication is best when it is face-to-face. It is possible between two individuals in a meeting or interview communication flows in both directions. There is immediate feedback. Facial expressions, body language and gestures add to the oral communication, giving it more meaning. The sender can immediately adapt and change his way of communicating to suit the receiver.
Face-to-face communication is not possible in large gatherings. When one person is addressing many people together, he is not able to have face-to-face communication with each one of them.
Face-to-face communication also becomes ineffective if the listener is not interested.
2. Telephone:
Speaking on the telephone depends entirely on the voice and the words used clarity of words i speech has a big role to play in this. Names and addresses should be confirmed as they are very after wrongly received. Modern technology has ensured that it is one of the cheapest methods of communicating with others, either in the same city or even outside the country.
3. Public speech:
A lecture or a public speech can be conducted with or without microphones. It has face-to-face setting, but the distance between the sender and receiver is large. It is a one-to-many communication. It can entertain, encourage and inspire the general public. The success of a public meeting depends on the speaker’s ability to use the microphone, voice modulation and gestures.
4. Interview:
It is a meeting between an interviewer and an interviewer the meeting is for a specific purpose normally as a part of a selection process for a job or selection for a study program or for entering into a business relationship.
5. Meeting:
Usually, a meeting involves a number of persons. The chairman guides the proceedings and maintains order during the meeting. Depending on the type of meeting there may or may not be a fixed agenda. If it is a formal meeting, notes are taken during the meeting.
6. Presentation:
This is a formal well-prepared talk given by an individual to a group. The audience is mostly knowledgeable or interested. Visual aids and humor can enhance a presentation and make it more attractive.

Non verbal communication:

The most basic form of communication is non-verbal. Anthropologists say that are ancestors communicated with one another by using their bodies. They gritted their teeth to show anger; they shrilled and touched one another when they wanted to indicate affection. It is also called Body language.
It is less structured, which makes it difficult to study and understand. You cannot master the vocabulary of gestures, expressions and inflection that are commonly used.
Non-verbal communication also differs from verbal communication in terms of intent and spontaneity. People generally plan their words. But when we communicate no-verbally we do so unconsciously, without our consent, our emotions are written all over our faces.

Importance of non-verbal communication:
Although non-verbal communication is unplanned, it has a greater impact than verbal communication.
Non-verbal dues are especially important in exchanging feelings, which account for almost 937 of the interaction in any situation.
One advantage of non-verbal communications its reliability. Most people can deceive us much more easily buy words than they can by their bodies. Body languages facial expressions and vocal characteristics are not controllable. By having attention to these non-verbal clues, we can detect whether a person is deceiving the affirm a person’s honesty. Non-verbal communication or as well it can be efficient from both the sender and receives viewpoint. You can transmit a non-verbal message without even thinking about it. Your audience can also register the meaning unconsciously.
Thus non-verbal clues have an equally important role to play in conveying, thoughts, ideas and feelings. A wave of the hand, a write and a comforting squeeze all are expressions of thought.

Functions of non-verbal communication:

Although non-verbal communication can stand alone in many situations, it frequently works hand-in-hand with speech. Our words only carry a part of the message; our non-verbal symbols carry the rest.

Experts have given six functions of non-verbal communication:

1. To provide information, either consciously or unconsciously
2. To regulate the flow of conversation.
3. To expresserrction
4. To qualify, complement, contradict or expand verbal messages.
5. To control and influence others.
6. To facilitate specific tasks.
For ex: Teaching someone how to hold a bat.

Non-verbal communication has a major role to play in business. Firstly, it helps to establish credibility and leadership potential. Secondary, you can barn to read the non-verbal impressions about others. You will be able to find out their attitudes and intentions.

Varieties of non-verbal communications:

Facial expressions and eye behaviors:
The face is a powerful conveyor of non-verbal messages. It is the primacy site for expression of emotion. You can see both the type and intensity of emotion. A person’s eyes are especially very expressive. They can convey interest, quest attention and influence others.

Vocal characteristics:
Like body language, a person’s voice carrier both intentional and unintentional messages. The tone and volume of your voice, your accent, your speaking face and all the little em’s and ales that creep into your speech say a lot about your personality, mood and your relationship with the audience.

Gestures and postures:
Many gestures have a specific meaning.
For ex: Warning your hand signifies a greeting. These movements supplement words. Other body movements like slouching, banning forward, fidgeting or walking friskily, all fall into this category. These unconscious sign reveal whether a person is coefficient or nervous, friendly or hostile, assertive or passive, happy or sad.

Personal appearance:
An individual’s appearance helps to establish his or her social identity. Although an individual features and body type impose limitations, most of us are able to cant our attractiveness to some degree, our groaning, our clothing, our accessories, our style-all modify our appearance.

Use of time and space:
Both these elements can be used to assert authority. In many authors, people demonstrate their importance by making people wait, at other places they show respect by being on time. People can also display their emotions by occupying different spaces. For ex: the center of the room or handled in one corner.

Touch:
This is an extremely important tool to demonstrate the type of communication that we want to show. If we hag a person spontaneously, we show love and affection.

Silence:
Communication is effectively communicated through silence also. Shyness-after a girl gets a proposal from a boy, ignorance-after a teacher asks a question from a student shock-after you discover that our house has been bugled, anxiety-after you get to know that your child is seriously sick, satisfaction-when you are in the prayer room all by yourself etc. Silence is therefore very powerful.

Imagine you are a part of an interview board of a corporate recruitment board what are the qualities and soft skills required for the interviews and i

An interview is a formal meeting in which a person or persons question, consult or evaluate another person or persons. The person who asks the question is called the interviewer and the person who replies is the interviewee or the candidate, both of them have specific objectives. In a typical interview, the action is controlled by the interviewer, the person who schedules the session. This individual poses a series of questions, which are mostly designed to elicit information from the interviewee. An interview reveals the views, knowledge, ideas and attitudes of the person being interviewed as well as the skills of the interviewer.


The candidate’s Preparation:
The candidate must be prepared in an all-round way for the interview.

Physical preparation:

Grooming:
The candidate should be properly groomed and formally dressed.
Nails should be clean and well cut.
Personal hygiene is important.
Hair should be properly combed.
Clothes should be well laundered and well-fitting’
Footwear should be appropriate and clean.
A suitable hand bag or briefcase should be carried.

Postures:
Should be confident.
The candidate should not slouch while standing.
He or She should sit in a smart way.
Walking should show confidence.
Body movements should be smart.
Body language should be positive.

Good manners:
The candidate should know what time of the day it is.
He should not offer to shake hands on his own.
An appropriate greeting-hello, good morning, etc should be said.
Do not sit until asked.
Take care while shifting the chair; it should not be too noisily done.
Be comfortable in handling your briefcase and documents. Do not show clumsiness.
Place your hands comfortably.
Thanks the paved politely after the interview.
Do not be over profuse in ensuring.
Maintain a smart posture throughout.

Mental Preparation:

If the job applicant is fresh, he or she should be sure to get updated in all the subjects pertaining to his or her field.
Being well informed is absolutely necessary.
The candidate should read newspapers and current interest magazines so that he is aware of the happenings in the environment.
The candidate should also make it his business to know about the company for which he is applying when asked about the organization; he should not draw a blank lock. He can get relevant information from the company’s annual report, in-house magazine, publicity releases, business and financial newspapers and employees.
He should also be aware of the previous organization he was associated with. This will improve his impression, in case the paved of interviewers ask him some details.
He must be prepared to answer questions about his plans, life family, ambition, etc. If he is able to successfully tackle such questions, he will come across as smart and well prepared.

Psychological Preparation:

· The mental make-up of a person is very important to organizations. They would like to be sure that they hove selected a mentally agile and balanced person for the job.
· For this, they ask a variety of questions. But psychological preparedness should be slow and gradual the following points can be checked out before so that the candidate does not face an embossing time.
· The candidate should not come across as sacred and insecure. He or she should have the confidence to ask about the company, the job requirement, the salary compensation, other benefits etc.
· The candidate should not be inhibited about any issues.
· He should be eager and ready in his mind to country any questions and participate in any discussions.
· The candidate must be honest. This quality is a pre-requisite for any job. If one tries to tell lies in order to get the job, he or she should be well aware that the truth will come out scores or later. That time the embarrassment could be immense. So it is best to follow an honest path while tackling questions at the interview.
· The candidate must be mentally sure that he wants the position he has applied for. This attitude for the hob must be right. If he waves and ties to be vague about when he will be ready to jour the job, the interviews will never select him. Organizations want levelheaded and smart people.
·
Participating in an interview:

· An interview should be viewed as an opportunity to share your qualifications with someone who is interested.
· View the interview as important, but no so important that you become nervous. Too much nervousness will make a poor impression.
· Greet your interviewer or interviewer’s warmly. Let brim take the bad. If an offer is make to shake hands, do so with a firm grip and a smile.
· Sit, when ask to do so.
· Sit your role as responding to questions in a business-like fashion keep appropriate aye contact with the interviewer.
· The interviewer may intentionally challenge you by asking difficult questions or by appearing disinterested or even irritated. But be knowledgeable, calm, positive, gracious and friendly.

During the interview, DON’T:

· Appear overly aggressive and conceited.
· Meek and mild.
· Negative about past employees.
· Negative about topics.
· Un enthusiastic.
· Too interested in money.
· Too ambitious, humorless.
· Too vague with answers.
· Be unappreciative about the interviewer’s time.
· Laugh nervously.
· Act immature.
· Smoke.

Be alert for signals that the interview is ending. The interviewer may slide his chair back, stand up or give verbal signals. At the end, express appreciation for the time and information given to you, Indicate that you look forward to hearing form the interviewer.
Shake hands warmly, and say good-bye. After the interview, evaluate how you did. Make a not about what you learnt in the interview and compare it with other job opportunities. Make a not of your mistakes and try not to repeat them in the future.

The soft skills and qualities required by an interviewer:

An interview costs time and money. In order that the right candidate is selected, the interviewer has to be properly prepared and equipped. The interviewer has a manifold objective, which he has to accomplish.
· He has to find out the most suitable person for the job from amongst the available people.
· He has to give the candidate sufficient information about the job and the organization. This will help them to take a suitable decision.
· To create a sense of confidence and understanding in the selected candidate.
· To promote the goodwill of the company by giving the right kind of impression to all the candidates.
· The interviewer must see that all the conditions all set for properly assessing the candidate so that the purpose of the interview is met. There is a considerable amount of preparation to be done.
· The applications are sorted, scrutinized and selected for interviewing. If the number of candidates is too many, then short listing is done on the basis of the bio-data and application.
· The interviewers get familiar with the candidates through their bio-data. On the day of the interview, the interviewers take out a list of specially purposed questions. These questions are general and specific to the job and the candidate.
· The interviewer requires several social and interpersonal skills. He or she should remember that they are representing the organization for the candidate and they must try their best to put their best bad forward.
· The interviewer should not have a conciliatory attitude towards the candidates. The interviewers should warmly welcome the candidates and make them comfortable.

Special skills for a typical interviewer:

The main part is of the course is asking questions. This is also the longest part. The interviewer should keep his eyes and ears open for any indication the candidate gives about himself.
An effort must be made to observe the body language of the candidate. If the candidate is unusually uncomfortable, the interviewer can ask him the reason. It may happen that the candidate has some pressing commitment or crisis at home on that particular day.
The interviewers should cognize for that and judge the candidate on many parameters. He should always remember that he has been given the duty of selecting the right candidate. He should have an open mind and encourage the candidate to open up and answer the questions, which will make his job easier.
The interviewer must but the candidate do most of the talking and gently guide the conversation if goes ‘off’ on a target. It is important not to show score or be sarcastic. Also, the candidate must not be humiliated, even if it is devious that he is not suitable for the job. Humiliated candidates speak badly of the organization and spread ward that it insults visitors. This is bad for the organization’s public image and can damage its chances of attracting good staff. Insulting the candidates also show poor organizational culture.
If a candidate is subjected to a stress interview he or she should be told the purpose at the end of it. The candidate should not be allowed to leave with a stress or anxious feelings.
The candidate must know about the job, his prospects, salary, etc. It is the duty of the interviewer to answer him fully and clearly. For this he might have to do some homework so that he is well equipped for the questions.
When all the information has been satisfactorily exchanged, the interviewer must conclude the session with a suitable remark. Leave taking must be pleasant and sociable. The interviewer must not give unnecessary hope in case the candidate has fallen far below his expectations.
On the other hand, he must not give extra hope to candidates, as there may be other extraneous circumstances, which can play a role in selecting the candidate.

Thus, if people who are nature and trained in the particular job conduct interviews in a professional manner these is a higher chance that they get the right candidate for the job.